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Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode HMDE

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 Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode HMDE

Wiktor Kemula (1902-1985) was a famous Polish chemist, electrochemist, and polarographist. He greatly contributed to the development of electroanalytical chemistry, particularly polarography. He developed a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE).

The hanging mercury drop electrode HMDE WK 2 (named after Prof. Wiktor Kemula) is a spherical stationary mercury mini electrode with surface area of the order of a square millimeter [1]. A mercury drop is suspended at the end of a glass capillary and its size is conveniently adjusted with a micrometer screw. The electrode HMDE WK 2 can be used as a working electrode in various electroanalytical techniques for studying mechanisms and kinetics of electrochemical reactions as well as for determination of analytes in an electrolyte solution.
Construction

The electrode HMDE WK 2 features a very reliable mercury sealing system provided by two bi-conical gaskets. The combination of this system with a micrometer screw (Part 12 in Fig. 1), used for mercury proportioning, results in exceptional reproducibility of a mercury drop surface area. Construction and design of the electrode HMDE WK 2 are greatly improved over the former electrode HMDE WK 1 [2]. That is, the electrode weight and dimensions are smaller while the number of mercury drops (available from a single electrode filling with mercury) is larger. This is because the plunger (Part 11 in Fig. 1) is longer and its diameter is larger. Therefore, a working mercury volume is about six times larger; the mercury reservoir being only slightly longer. Importantly, the HMDE WK 2 can be mounted in two different configurations of terminal assemblies (Figs. 2-4). One of them involves a 10/18 or 14/20 PTFE conical sleeve attached directly to the translucent intermediate joint that allows one to house the electrode HMDE WK 2 in a typical commercial electrochemical cell. The other configuration involves a duralumin nut. A thermometer type PTFE adjustable adapter for a standard tapered glass joint 10/18 or 14/20 (Parts 2, 21 and 22 in Figs. 3 and 4B) is then used for housing the electrode in a cell. The main body of the electrode HMDE WK 2 is made of electrochemically colored duralumin. Both the mercury reservoir and the precision-bore capillary (Part 4 in Figs. 1-4) are made of borosilicate glass.
Features

Total length 240 mm
Outer diameter 14 mm
Weight 52 g
Plunger diameter 1.6 mm
Working length of plunger 45 mm
Pitch of thread 0.35 mm
Glass capillary inner diameter 0.127 mm or 0.178 mm
Glass tubing and capillary length 100 mm (or customized)
Volume of working mercury 96.5 mm3
Reproducibility of the electrode surface area a 0.60 %

a Determined as relative standard deviation of a peak current of the linear potential scan voltammetry curves for the Cd2+/Cd(Hg)0 electroreduction in 1 mM Cd(NO3)2, 0.5 M KCl for an electrode area of ca. 2 mm2 (Fig. 7).

Caution. Mercury is a poison. If you swallow it accidentally, then contact your physician immediately.
References
1. Głód, B. K., Kemula, W., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 1985, 30, 665.
2. Kemula, W., Zawadowska, J., Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 1980, 300, 39.

 

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A head-mounted display or helmet-mounted display, both abbreviated 'HMD', is a display device worn on the head or as part of a helmet, that has a small display optic in front of each eye.

Overview
A typical HMD has either one or two small displays with lenses and semi-transparent mirrors embedded in a helmet, eye-glasses or visor. The display units are miniaturised and may include CRT, LCDs, Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCos), or OLED.
 Head-Mounted Display

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